除草剂硝磺草酮对土壤微生物生态效应研究

采用室内培养试验,研究了硝磺草酮对土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性随硝磺草酮浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,但比对照处理都有所升高,分别增加了22.6%~41.0%和3.4%~54.2%,且在硝磺草酮浓度为50mg/kg时达到最大.与之相反,尿酶活性则降低了12.0%~18.6%,但差异性不明显(P > 0.05).施用一定浓度的硝磺草酮激活了土壤微生物活性,微生物群落丰富度、均匀性和多样性都呈增长趋势,单孔的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)值和利用速率均随硝磺草酮浓度增加而增大,微生物群落对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、多聚物类、羧酸类、胺类和酚酸类利用率整体上均有所提高,与对照相比,最大增幅分别达到5.3、1.0、4.4、3.2、0.2和6.8倍,但不同浓度硝磺草酮处理下土壤微生物在利用碳源的类型上是存在一定的差异.     

纳米硫化镉对A549细胞的损伤研究

研究纳米硫化镉(Nano-Cd S)材料对肺癌细胞系A549的毒性及氧化损伤作用。培养A549细胞,经传代后接种于6孔板中,每孔2 m L完全培养基,接种次日进行染毒。用直径20~30 nm、长度80~100 nm的Nano-Cd S进行染毒,染毒浓度分别为0、5、10、20、40和80 mg·L~(-1)。染毒24 h后用MTT检测细胞存活率,以存活率在80%左右的浓度为后续实验染毒浓度。应用流式细胞技术,用荧光探针法检测A549细胞的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量,PI-Annexin-V法检测细胞凋亡情况;用试剂盒检测细胞中超氧化物岐化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,判断细胞氧化损伤情况。不同浓度Nano-Cd S处理细胞24 h之后,细胞存活率随剂量的增加而下降,浓度为10、20、40和80μg·L~(-1)时,存活率分别为(88.71%±0.80%)、(81.93%±3.06%)、(75.23%±1.13%)和(70.66%±5.63%),且各组间差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。以浓度为10和20 mg·L~(-1)的Nano-Cd S染毒24 h后,胞内ROS含量和细胞凋亡率随染毒剂量的增加而增加(P0.05);浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,细胞凋亡率为(6.26%±0.44%)。与对照相比,各染毒组SOD和CAT活性和MDA含量升高,20 mg·L~(-1)染毒组SOD和CAT活性和MDA含量高于10 mg·L~(-1)染毒组(P0.05)。研究表明,纳米硫化镉能引起A549细胞的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,具有明显的细胞毒性。     

Biologic risk and source diagnose of 16 PAHs from Haihe River Basin,China

Surface sediments of rivers can exhibit spatial and temporal variations in contaminant concentrations that may significantly affect risk evaluations. As to pollution control and remediation of watershed, large-scale and further background data on PAHs in China were required urgently. Spatial distribution and compositional characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Haihe River Basin were investigated. A method based on effects range (ER) was used to assess ecosystem risk of ∑PAHs (the total of 16 PAH) sensitively and accurately. The results indicated that ∑PAHs content levels ranged from 257 to 16901 μg·kg⁻¹ dry weight. The lower rings predominated in the samples, and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs accounted for 12%, 21%, 30%, 30%, and 7% respectively in total PAHs. The ratio of Fl / (Fl+ Py) uniformly distributed in the interval 0.20–0.80, indicating that it may be affected by petroleum origin, oil combustion, biomass and coal combustion jointly. ∑PAHs in Cetian (S6), Dongwushi (S19), Handan (S20), Aixinzhuang (S21) and Tianjin (S37) exceeded effects range low (ERL), in which biologic effects were in a medium level with an adverse effect on biologic organisms. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the PAHs monitoring and research of the Haihe River Basin.     

Multiphase redistribution differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between two successive sediment suspensions

Successive sediment suspensions often happen in estuary, yet little research has probed into the difference in the release behaviors of organic compounds among different suspensions. This study took polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical organic contaminants and investigated the release behaviors between two successive suspensions with a particle entrainment simulator (PES). Results showed that successive sediment suspensions lowered the concentration of dissolved PAHs in the overlying water via facilitating the re-adsorption of dissolved PAHs onto the suspended particles. Fast-release and slow-release periods of PAHs were successively observed in the both suspensions. The concentration changes of dissolved PAHs in the second suspension were generally similar with but hysteretic to those in the first suspension. More vigorous desorption and re-absorption of PAHs were induced in the second suspension. Successive sediment suspensions obviously decreased the concentrations of mineral composition and organic matters in the overlying water, which significantly affects multiphase distribution of PAHs.     

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

采伐林窗对马尾松人工林土壤微生物生物量的初期影响

为了解人为采伐活动形成的林窗对马尾松低效人工林土壤微生物生物量的影响,以39 a生的马尾松人工林7 种不同大小林窗(G1:100 m²、G2:225 m²、G3:400 m²、G4:625 m²、G5:900m²、G6:1 225 m²、G7:1 600 m²)以及林下为研究对象,分析了林窗中央和林窗边缘土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)的季节变化。结果显示:①林窗大小显著影响了林窗内各位置土壤MBC和MBP,对MBN影响不显著;MBN与MBC变化趋势相同,均随林窗增大呈先升后降的单峰型变化,但MBN变化幅度较小,MBP仅在林窗中央具有单峰型变化。MBC、MBN和MBP分别在面积为400~900 m²、225~625 m²和625~900 m²的林窗较高。总体来看,中型林窗更有利于微生物生物量的增值。②季节变化对土壤MBC、MBN、MBP均有极显著影响,MBC为夏高春低,MBN夏高冬低;MBP的变化较复杂,秋季相对较高。③林窗中央与边缘间MBC、MBN、MBP差异不显著,但MBC、MBN显著高于林下。说明较之马尾松纯林,林窗内土壤微生物活性有较大提高。④土壤温度对MBC、MBN有显著影响,土壤含水量对MBN、MBP有显著影响,土壤温度和水分是林窗形成后影响土壤微生物生物量的重要环境因子。     

森林地表可燃物含水率与海拔关系研究

大兴安岭天然林保护工程重点区域,也是森林火灾频发的重灾区。收集测定了177组森林地表可燃物含水率数据,整理成列联表,进行列联表分析。结果表明,所研究区域的森林地表可燃物在低海拔含水率较高,随着海拔的升高,含水率呈现明显的降低趋势。研究结果可为进一步建立更加精确的大兴安岭林区森林地表可燃物含水率预测模型提供理论基础,对于该林区火灾预防工作意义重大。     

巢湖重污染汇流湾区沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价

对巢湖重污染汇流湾区沉积物中主要重金属分布和累积特征及生态风险进行了分析评价.结果表明:受底泥分布影响,湾区沉积物重金属主要累积于距岸边约700m以上的低洼区,且表层沉积物(0~2cm)重金属含量大致随泥深增加而增大.基于地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,除Hg(Eri=325.5)和Cd(Eri=240.28)外,大多数重金属处于低风险状态,各金属元素污染顺序为Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cr>Ni.其中,富集倍数最高的Hg和Cd具有同源性,污染等级均为3级.垂向分析表明,受Hg和Cd的影响,0~14cm沉积物已达严重生态风险程度(RI>525),14~34cm沉积物中Hg具有中度生态风险.建议亟须从流域角度对该汇流湾区重金属特别是Hg和Cd进行控制.     

蓝藻暴发对巢湖表层沉积物氮磷及形态分布的影响

以巢湖表层沉积物及上覆水体为对象,于蓝藻暴发前(4月)和蓝藻暴发期(7月)采集水样及沉积物样品,分析了氮磷及其形态赋存特征,并探讨了沉积物氮磷及其形态与蓝藻暴发的关系.结果发现,蓝藻暴发时,巢湖表层沉积物总磷减少,总氮增加,同时削弱了磷在空间上分布的异质性.从氮磷形态来看,蓝藻暴发未造成巢湖表层沉积物氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N)含量和比例的明显波动,但却造成了活性磷(弱吸附态磷和铁铝结合态磷之和)含量及比例的下降,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)以及有机磷(OP)含量及比例增加,生物有效性磷(AAP)的含量的减小.相关性分析表明,上覆水中叶绿素a(Chl-a)的浓度与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)以及有机磷(OP)的含量显著相关(P<0.05),却与氮形态(铵态氮,硝态氮和有机氮)相关性不显著.巢湖沉积物磷(Fe/Al-P及AAP)对巢湖水体蓝藻暴发具有促进作用,而氮及其形态对蓝藻暴发作用较弱.     

马来眼子菜群丛对太湖不同湖区沉积物磷形态的影响

采用磷分级提取的方法对太湖贡湖湾、南部湖区马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)群落内外的沉积物样品进行了采集和分析,调查了沉积物中的不同形态磷的垂直分布状况,研究马来眼子菜群落对沉积物磷迁移转化的影响.结果表明:植物群丛对沉积物铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)的影响在贡湖湾和南太湖表现不同.贡湖湾马来眼子菜群丛内部沉积物Fe/Al-P高于群落外部的27.6%,差异性显著(P<0.05);南太湖马来眼子菜群丛内部沉积物中Fe/Al-P均值低于群丛外部的47.4%,差异性显著(P<0.05).植物群丛对沉积物有机磷(OP)的影响在贡湖湾和南太湖表现相似,两湖区植物群丛外部沉积物中OP含量均值高于群落内部.马来眼子菜群丛对贡湖湾和南太湖沉积物中Ca-P有较明显的影响,植物的影响主要体现在表层0~15cm范围内,贡湖湾湖区沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP含量较高,在植物的影响下转化为Ca-P,因此Ca-P在表层沉积物中呈上升趋势;南太湖沉积物中Ca-P含量较高,在植物影响下Ca-P有一定量的释放,因此Ca-P在表层沉积物中呈下降趋势.